Human Demography
Demographics of Countries
- Not all countries have the same birth and death rates
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Highly developed countries:
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U.S., Canada, France, Germany, Sweden, Australia, Japan
- Low rates of population growth
- Lowest birth rates
- Low infant mortality rates (# infant deaths/1000 live births)
- Longer life expectancies
- Highly industrialized
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U.S., Canada, France, Germany, Sweden, Australia, Japan
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Developing countries:
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Moderately developed
- Mexico, Turkey, Thailand, most of south America
- Birth and infant mortality rates higher, but declining
- Medium level of industrialization
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Less developed:
- Bangladesh, Ethiopia
- Highest birth and infant mortality rates
- Shortest life expectancy
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Moderately developed
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_____________________________________
- Way to express a country’s growth
- Can identify population growth of a country as high, moderate, or less by the doubling time
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_____________________________ = replacement level
- 2.1 children/couple
- Worldwide the total fertility rate is 2.8
Population and Quality of Life
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Most agree that all people should __________________________________________________
- Balanced diet, clean water, decent shelter, and adequate clothing
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It will be increasingly difficult to meet the needs of a rapidly growing world population (7 billion +)
- 81% of the world population lives in less developed countries
- Over 100 of these countries will double in population by the year 2050
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Biggest concern?
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_________________________________________ in the poorest countries
- Increased demand for food and material goods
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_________________________________________________________ in these countries and high consumption in developed countries
- Resource scarcity
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_________________________________________ in the poorest countries
- Several problems associated with population growth
World Hunger
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More than 800 million people ___________________________________________________
- Over 80 countries are considered low-income and food deficient
- South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are regions with the greatest food insecurity
- Condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition
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Chronic hunger
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____________________________________________
- Greater vulnerability to illness and disease
- Diarrhea, acute respiratory illness, malaria, and measles
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Cause of chronic hunger not simply failure of food production
- Lack of nutrients and minerals
- Lack of protein (Kwashiorkor – bloated abdomen)
- Enough food if it were evenly distributed
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____________________________________________
Economic Effects
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________________________________________ and ____________________________________ affect each other
- Degree to which they affect each other is unclear
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__________________________________________
- Period marked by a greatly increased birth rate
- The number of annual births exceeds 2 per 100 women
- Signify good times and periods of general economic growth and stability
Population Stabilization
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Population stabilization alone will _____________________________________________
- For most of the developing world, economic development would profit from slower population growth
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If population growth continues at current predicted levels:
- Much of the world will experience ______________________________________ and continued poverty
Reduce Total Fertility Rate
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Decrease ____________________________________
- Reduce total fertility rate (TFR)
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Culture and Fertility
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_____________________________
- Ideas and customs of a group of people
- Passed from generation to generation
- Evolves over time
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Values and norms of society are all part of a society’s culture
- Exerts a powerful influence over individuals by controlling their behaviors
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_____________________________
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Culture and Fertility
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Why is TFR high?
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__________________________________
- Different societies have different gender expectations
- Couple is expected to have a certain number of children
- High fertility compensating for high mortality
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Important ____________________________________________ of children
- In some societies, children work in family enterprises
- ________________________________________
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__________________________________
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Why is TFR high?
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The social and economic _______________________________________
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_________________________________ exists in many societies
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Social construct that results in women not having the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men
- More women live in poverty
- Have lower societal status – most important factor of TFR’s
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Sons more highly valued than daughters
- More illiterate women in developing countries
- Fewer women attend secondary school
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Social construct that results in women not having the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men
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_________________________________ exists in many societies
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Marriage age and fertility
- TFR affected by average age at which women marry
- Women who marry are more apt to have children
- Earlier a woman marries, the more children she is likely to have
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Educational opportunities and fertility
- Women with ____________________________________________ and have fewer children
- Education increases the probability that women will know how __________________________________
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Family Planning Services
- Reduction in fertility won’t become a reality without health and family planning
- ________________________________________ is strongly linked to lower TFR